Workshop 4a Arch 200c 2012 Fall
Course	Arch 200c
Date	2012/10/16
Learning Objectives	This workshop will introduce VRay as a tool for rendering. The underpinnings of this rendering software, including settings and material selection/creation will enable you to create specific and variable images of your Rhino3d models. The goals here will not be to create "finished products" directly from VRay, but rather to help you generate a "base" image that will be further refined, edited and contextualized in Photoshop and possibly Illustrator.
Agenda	Problem Set 3 (1 hr) VRay Intro (1 hr) Interface (5 m) Materials (20 m) Material Editor Creating & Assigning Materials VRay Layers Cameras (10 m) Lighting (20 m) Basics of Lighting Environment & Sunlight System Types of Lights Rendering vs. Photoshop (5 m)
Uses Tool(s)	VRay , Rhinoceros

Introduction to VRay

VRay is a photorealistic render engine plug-in for a variety of 3d modeling programs, including Rhino. While it is an extremely powerful rendering engine with globla illumination, irradiance maps, and raytracing, it's also a complicated one. There are many different variable settings that can change how your rendering comes out and it will take many rounds of trial and error to get exactly what you want out of the renderer. This may be time-prohibitive, especially when you are just beginning to use VRay. Our goal is to use the software as a set-up of lighting, shadow, and perspective, then take the result into Photoshop or another photo editing program to get finer details.

For inspiration of what else you can do with 3d modeling, take a look at The Third & The Seventh .

Interface

The toolbar for VRay consists of the following buttons (listed from left to right):

Material Editor

Create, edit, and assign materials to objects.

VRay Options

Edit VRay settings and load preset settings. Options shown here include settings for Camera, Output (image), Environment, Displacement, and Indirect or Global Illumination.

VRay Frame Buffer

Open rendering window.

Add Sunlighting System

Create a system based on physically based daylight, or set it to a specific location and time.

Add Infinite Plane

Creates an infinite plane along the XY plane at the Z zero location, creating a horizon.

About VRay

Information about VRay

Materials & Layers

There are two ways to access the Material Editor in V-Ray: from the toolbar and from the Object Properties panel. Using the V-Ray toolbar, left click on the icon that looks like a tag with the letter "M" on it. Or, select the object(s) to create a V-Ray material for. Use the Properties command and select Material from the drop-down menu. Assign by Plug-in and then click Create.

Creating Materials

Open the Material Editor in V-Ray. Right click on Scene Materials and select "AddVrayMtl."

Assigning Materials

Materials can be attributed to both layers as well as individual objects by using the Material Editor. Materials can be made up of different layer attributes (such as texture, transparency, bumps, etc) in effort to not read more than a flat texture mapping. Sometimes these layers depend on a value (such as intensity or a percentage of transparency) while other times they come from a gray-scale image.

You can quickly view what these materials look like by changing the view to Rendered View which offers a simplified version of the texture maps on the object. However many of the details will change once you actually render the image so it is important to test render throughout the process to check your work.

The next step is to attribute the material to objects or layers. Materials can be applied in two ways: from within the V-Ray Material Editor, or within an object's Properties in Rhino.

In the V-Ray Material editor, right click on the material name, and then click on either "Apply material to layer(s)" or "Apply material to object(s)".

To attribute the material to objects or layers in Rhino, select the objects or layers. Then, use the Properties command and select Material from the drop-down menu. Assign the material by Plug-in, and then click Browse to select the desired material (in the case of this workflow, the material is called Screen1).

Editing VRay Layers

Each VRay Material consists of the following:

Diffuse Layers

Diffuse Color

Change the overall color of an object OR texture map an image onto the an object by selecting the "m" box.

Transparency

Change the overall transparency of an object OR map a transparency pattern onto the object. Black is completely opaque and white is completely transparent.

Emissive Layers

Emissive

Changes the object to become an emitter. Change the intensity to affect how bright the light source becomes. Can change color, intensity, and transparency.

Reflection Layers

Reflection

Adds reflection to the object. White is completely reflective (like a mirror) and black is non-reflective. By Default the reflection layer has a fresnel map which varies the amount of reflection based on the viewing angle (notice the capital M next to the Reflection layer). To make more reflective, increase the Fresnel IOR.

Refraction Layers

Transparency

The darker the Refraction Transparency, the more the material references the edges of the objection (although transparent).

Fog Color

Use this rather than Refraction Color to change the color of the transparent material. Fog color is dependent upon the multiplier, the color and the size of the object. Be sure to pick a color that is slightly less saturated that you desire.

Glossiness

Helps change the frostiness of the transparent material. The lower the number, the more blurry the refraction.

IOR (Index of Refraction)

Essentially the degree to which the angle of light entering the material changes upon exiting the material. Calculated the light refracted from the tranparent object. Lowering the IOR decreases the intensity of the Refraction settings.

Maps

Bump Map

Changes the way the surface texture appears three-dimensionally, changes the surface normal to create the illusion of surface detail.

Displacement Map

Actually changes the way the surface appears three-dimensionally (such as outlines and edges of the surface) to represent a textured surface

Background Map

GI Map

Reflection Map

Refraction Map

Cameras

Saving Views

Saved Views

In Rhino, you can save views so that you'll be able to come back to them at any point later on, even if you've shifted your view around in any of the viewports. Right click on each viewport title and you'll see a drop down menu; go to Set View and click on Named Views.... Here you'll be able to save your current view in the currently selected viewport and give it a name.

Orient Camera to Surface

The OrientCameratoSrf command allows you to set up a surface for the camera to lock on. This can be very helpful when setting up exact views, such as axonometrics.

Controlling Views

Setting up Views

Eye level - this should be approximately 5 feet above the ground plane

Birds Eye - this view if from above, looking down at the overall context of the site and the design.

Interior view (looking out from library) - similar to the bird-eye view, this view is specific to the Potrero Library project because it's a familiar view. When creating this view, consider how a window or interior scene might frame the final viewpoint

Lens Length

The perspective camera in Rhino is set to 50 mm by default, replicated the approximate amount of perspective we see in real life. Look at this value in the Properties menu. As the value increases, the lines of perspective become more parallel. As the value decreases, the lines of perspective increase which could be helpful for an interior view. See examples below.

• 

  Lens Length at 15 - extreme perspective

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  Lens Length at 50 - default

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  Lens Length at 90 - less perspective, close to Parallel view

Basics of Lighting

Lighting plays the most important role in rendering because it affects the color, shadow, reflection, and refraction among objects and materials in the scene. V-Ray comes equipped with Global Illumination , which is the natural lighting in a scene. It can be difficult to produce a specific lighting effect because of the many ways to create lights, as well as to change a light's appearance in a final render.

Be sure to choose a light that's best for the type of lighting needed for the scene. Lights can be created using Rhino commands. Or, use the sun and sky tool that is built into V-Ray to position a directional light.

There are two main ways to change lighting options. The first way uses the Properties panel in Rhino to change the properties of a selected light. This is helpful for controlling specific light objects. The second way uses Light Options in V-Ray, which controls the ambient light in the scene--that is, the lighting for the entire scene, not just one specific light.

Settings for all lights are controlled in V-Ray Options.

Environment

GI (Skylight)

This controls the Global Illumination . A V-Ray Sky can be added for illumination.

Background

This controls the color of the background in the render. It can be changed to an image by clicking on the m next to the color selection.

Typically, exterior renderings can quickly be made by using the default GI. However, to light a scene specific to a time and day, the sun and sky can be set. Interior renderings require a different set of lights. There are several different types of lights in Rhino , but only a few are especially helpful for rendering interior scenes .

Light Types

This is a quick overview of the different lights Rhino offers, but for a more in depth look at lights look at Types of Lights in Rhino , and learn how to better light interior scenes . No matter your level of comfort with lighting in Rhino, it's always a good idea to test render your scenes or render portions of scenes before finalizing your lighting setup.

Directional Light

For directional light, the direction of the arrow is the direction from which the light will shine. While spotlight intensity and range can be edited, directional light is different because it emits uniform parallel rays in a specified direction, simulating sunlight. The exact location of the light object does not matter as the light object only indicates the direction of the light.

Linear Light

A linear light object emits light similar to a fluorescent tube light.

Rectangular Light

A rectangular light object emits light in one direction. Unlike the Spotlight, with Rectangular Light the angle of the light cannot be changed. The size of the light object affects its lighting range. If a larger range with the same light intensity is needed, then the intensity of the light will need to increase. A larger rectangular light will spread the light out over a larger area, so the shadows will become more diffuse.

Point Light

A point light emits light from a single location in all directions, also known as omni light. It is useful for interior scenes that require artificial lighting (such as from a light bulb). Especially important when working with point lights is paying attention to the light's intensity and decay settings.

Spotlight

The spotlight will appear in the model as a cone shape. The direction of the cone will be the direction of the spotlight. Spotlights with a narrower cone will produce a more concentrated light than spotlights with wider cones. The width of the spotlight does not determine the range of light (how far the light will reach), but the length and width together control the shape of what is illuminated by the spotlight.

Rendering vs. Photoshop

The purpose of renders and perspective drawings is to make help the viewer understand the spatial qualities of the design. Sometimes texture mapping using a rendering program can be really helpful in showing the realistic qualities of light and materality within a digital model - but there is also a potential for the texture mapping to flatten the space. Texture mapping every detail within the digital model can also become a quick time trap, both in the effort you contribute to create the materials, and the amount of time it takes for VRay to render.

Another way of texture mapping is in post processing : Photoshop. Trees and people are a great example of something that we typically do not 3d model but add later on in the image. Other examples may be other elements of context (signage, neighboring buildings) as well as complex materials (water, grass).

Associated Workflows

VRay Techniques

Best Practices in VRay Rendering

VRay is a powerful tool for rendering realistic scenes from a 3D model. Generally, a model is built, a point of view is chosen, the scene is rendered, and the resulting image is edited. This workflow will show the basics of rendering in VRay, including render settings, material selection, and texture mapping.

Creating Composite Materials Using Image-Maps in VRay

Using the facade of the de Young Museum as an example, this workflow demonstrates how to use custom-generated image maps to define composite material "layers" in V-Ray. Using the material editor dialog, we will edit the transparency, diffuse, and displacement layers to create the pattern of punches across the material, alter the color using an image map, and simulate the bumps of the material.

Creating various rendering effects with VRay

This workflow shows how to use Vray for Rhino to create various rendering outputs, using the Sunlight System and the numerous options with the Render Options Dialogue box and the Light Properties Dialogue box.

Rendering with Hidden Geometry in Rhino & VRay

This workflow shows a simple method for rendering 3d models to show cut sections or plans while maintaining true lighting. We will utilize specific tools in Rhino to split our model, than create transparent materials in VRay to "hide" our cut-away model while leaving its ability to block light.

Resources

VRay for Rhino Manual

The official manual for VRay

Render Textures

A great collection of texture map ensembles. Each material consists of different matching material maps (such as diffuse, bump, displacement, transparency). This is a good place to go if you want to create your own material from scratch.

Flying Architecture

VRay for Rhino Materials] : This website has some good materials for free download, such as concrete, wood and glass. Be sure to save the whole unzipped folder in an easy to find location.

Homework

For the pinup on Thursday, everyone should have camera positions chosen for their CtL perspectival composite drawings, make2d linework produced, and printed at 11x17.